Climate Migration

The following is from the March/April issue of Life in the Finger Lakes.

Climate Migration

Is A Change in Store For the Finger Lakes?

I don’t think many of us were surprised to learn that 2023 was the hottest year on record for the eighth year in a row. Or that we recorded the highest ocean temperature ever last year. What did surprise many of us were the Canadian wildfires last summer that filled our air with smoke for weeks. Clearly climate change is beginning to affect us in unimaginable ways.

How are we in the Finger Lakes going to be affected?

Like most places, our temperatures will rise, weather patterns will become more erratic and there will be a decrease in the biodiversity of flora and fauna.

The biggest change may be a large influx of climate migrants looking to escape stifling heat and flooded coastal areas. For them, the Finger Lakes Region is a climate haven.

Five years ago, I wrote a piece for Life in the Finger Lakes, “Is Population Growth Coming to Upstate New York?” The article predicted a rise in our population from an inflow of climate migrants. So far there continues to be a net outflow of residents from New York State. However, prognosticators and national media have since begun to tout our area as a climate haven.

In his book How to Prepare for Climate Change, CBS correspondent Daniel Pogue recommends moving to cities along the Great Lakes such as Buffalo. “Cold, snowy Syracuse and Buffalo could be shelters from the storms,” Pogue said in an interview. He added, “Florida and Arizona are the worse places for you to retire.” Several other organizations believe the Great Lakes Region will be a climate haven, such as Wisconsin Public Radio, Crains Detroit, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy and NOAA.

Gaia Vince, in her book Nomad Century, How Climate Migration Will Reshape Our World, feels the Great Lakes Region in the USA and Canada are climate havens that will see a “huge influx of residents … as the vast bodies of water should keep the temperature fairly temperate.” Believing the 45° N parallel (the very northern tip of NYS) and above will become the 21 century’s “booming haven.”

We need only look to our neighbor to the north of Lake Ontario to see how large inflows of immigrants can flood an area and change its complexion. It seems like there is one housing development after another from Niagara Falls to well on the other side of Toronto, approaching the Thousand Islands. In 2021 Toronto was ranked the 21st most congested city in North America; it spiked to being third in 2022. If we act now this does not need to be our fate.

The case for the Finger Lakes as a climate refuge is compelling. Our temperature is more moderate and we have an abundance of water, both from the Finger Lakes and our proximity to the Great Lakes. There are several factors that are creating climate migrants and drawing them to our area. First, life is becoming increasingly challenging in the south. Second, support networks sustaining hot areas are beginning to fray. Thirdly, the pool of northern havens is not as large as believed.

Climates are not friendly in the South and West

Consider some of last summer’s heat records. Miami, FL; Austin, TX and Phoenix, AZ each had several weeks of temperatures at 100 degrees or more. July was the hottest month on record.

A study by the First Street Foundation in 2022 predicted that the heat index will reach 125 degrees, what it calls “Extreme Danger,” at least once per year within the next 30 years in most Texas counties. As for the rest of the country, it said that 8 million residents in the U.S. experienced Extreme Danger Days in 2022; by 2053, that number will reach 107 million.

Rising temperatures will encourage people to move to cooler climates.

The National Ocean Service predicts that sea levels could rise by as much as a foot by 2050, overwhelming coastal areas. Large swaths of Florida and Louisiana will be below annual flood levels.

Additionally, rising sea levels will pollute fresh water estuaries close to the coast with salt, ruining the source of drinking water for many coastal areas. Then there is the surge of wildfires and the resulting smoke. Last year the UN forecast that wildfires will increase by 50 percent by 2100, and they will be more intense. Higher temperatures will provide more fuel for hurricanes and tornadoes, increasing their intensity, season length and most likely their frequency. All of which will disproportionately affect areas already hard hit by climate change.

 

Support networks are beginning to fray

Climate change is putting pressure on support networks that make home ownership possible in climate-stricken areas.

Consider homeowners insurance. Farmers just joined about a dozen other insurance companies that will no longer underwrite homeowners insurance in Florida. The average cost for insuring a home in Florida jumped 42 percent to $4,200 in 2023, compared to $1,800 the national average. Allstate and State Farm are no longer underwriting homes in Texas and California. Similarly, insurers are leaving Arizona and Louisiana.

Eric Andersen, head of AON, the largest reinsurer (reinsurers help insurers absorb catastrophic losses), testified before the Senate in March 2023. He said there has been

a crisis of confidence in predicting losses, particularly for wildfires and floods. Comparing the current state of underwriting risk to the financial crisis of 2008, Anderson stated “Just as the U.S. economy was overexposed to mortgage risk in 2008, the economy today is over-exposed to climate risk.”

Rising temperatures in the South is making it unsafe to work outside during heatwaves. OSHA recommends extra precautions be taken when temperatures reach 95 degrees. This will reduce when workers can work, and possibly the pool of workers, and raise the cost of home repairs.

Diminishing support networks will add to the climate induced pressure to have people move.

Climate haven locations are nuanced

Finding a climate haven is more than just moving  north. Changing weather patterns and other factors may alter perceptions of where a safe area is located. The Pacific Northwest’s 2021 heat dome, earlier departure of snowpack and infestation of pine beetles (which increase the chance of wildfires) showed it might not be the climate havenmany of us thought.

Last summer, New England saw heavy rainfall that led to flooding.The southern tier in New York is the most flood prone area in the state and has been flooded on several occasions. By 2100, New York City could experience a sea rise of 5 feet, give or take a foot. In August 2014, Toledo, OH faced a water crisis due to algae blooms in Lake Erie.

The good news is that we have time. People continue to leave New York. Surprisingly some of the states experiencing the highest inflow of new residents are also the most vulnerable states to climate change, such as Florida and Texas.

Preserve and protect the earth

Vince believes the world can handle the coming surge of climate migrants. In her book she points out that if we allow 20 square meters of space per person – more than double English planning regulations– 11 billion people would need 220,000 square kilometers. No doubt Vince has compassion for people and the environment, but her perspective is about how we can save ourselves, not how we can save our environment. I would argue that if we instead focus on how we can save the earth, we will in the process save ourselves.

The coming inflow of climate migrates provides an opportunity to help us focus on climate change, do something about it and attract resources.

We should try to protect and preserve as much land as possible. Fortunately, the Finger Lakes Land Trust (FLLT) has been doing so for years, as have the Central New York Land Trust and the Ontario Land Trust whose mandate includes a few areas in the Finger Lakes. Besides acquiring property, their use of conservation easements prevents the development of the land they have underwritten – meaning large swaths of land cannot be developed.

The more land we can lock up and protect from development, the more of our identity we can keep and the less we will look like one massive suburb.

President Biden signed an executive order when he took office that looks to preserve 30 percent of America’s land and water by 2030. Likewise, Governor Hochul signed legislation December 2021 to preserve 30 percent of NY’s water and land by 2030. The state will rely on a variety of measures to secure its ambitious goals from land purchases, to offering grants and encouraging conservation easements.

It will be a challenge to preserve 30 percent of the Finger Lakes by 2030. Max Heitner of the FLLT believes that the current amount of land preserved in the Finger Lakes as a percentage is in the low teens.

The state is beginning to prepare for the inflow of climate migrants. OnMarch 29, 2023 Senator Rachel May (whose district includes part of the Finger Lakes) introduced Senate Bill S6106, the Climate Relocation Planning and Preparation Act, to the finance committee. This is a start. But more needs to be done.

Businesses will also look to move to the Finger Lakes. Politicians need to realize we are a climate haven and not give them all sorts of tax breaks. Instead, they need to start thinking like Tom Sawyer who got his classmates to pay him for the privilege of painting a fence.

Fortunately, the inflow of climate migrants has yet to begin in earnest, so we have time to prepare. I expect very shortly we will see large pools of money looking to invest in our area; possibly even competing with land trusts for property.

Please donate to, or volunteer for, one of our land trusts. If you are a landowner, consider signing a conservation easement.

Madis Senner is an author who lives in Syracuse. You can read his musings at motherearthprayers. blogspot.com. His latest book is Everything Has Karma: Learning to Embrace Our Interconnectedness.

The Preppers got it Wrong

The following is my most recent post for Life in the Finger Lakes Magazine.

THE PREPPERS GOT IT WRONG

04/23/2020

By Madis Senner

For the first time in a month I went grocery shopping at Wegmans last week. As a senior and someone who is recuperating from surgery only a few months ago I would be very vulnerable should I get Covid-19. I wore a mask and gloves. When I finished putting my groceries in my car’s trunk I took my gloves off and shut the trunk door. As I began pushing my cart to the receptacle where grocery carts are stored I realized I was not wearing my gloves and said, “shoot.”

Then I heard a voice behind me say, “ I can take that for you.”

I turned around and saw a woman in her thirties. She pulled down her sleeves to cover her hands and she said, “See. My hands are covered.”

I told her “thanks for your kindness, but my hands have already touched the cart.”

For years preppers and survivalists have been telling us to stock up on food and load up on guns and ammo to protect ourselves during a crisis. Believing that thugs would be out to rob us and roving bands would be looking to do home invasions.

There has been none of this.

There have instead been incredible acts of kindness and generosity. Television is filled with pictures of health care workers, bus drivers, grocery store clerks and others that have put themselves at risk so that we may be safe. There have been busloads of nurses that have left the Finger Lakes Region for New York City, the epicenter of the virus, to help short-staffed hospitals that are bursting at the seams.

If you have ever seen a person interviewed on television that rescued someone from a fire, or helped a drowning person, often they will say that they are not a hero. Rather a situation presented itself, where they were at the right place at the right time, and that they just acted naturally.

In the months and years ahead many situations will be presented to us. Do we step up like the woman who offered to return my shopping cart, or do we just go about our business? Will you become a hero to someone in need?

The Haunted House That Helped Launch Movements-Life in the Finger Lakes Magazine

The following is my latest blog post for Life in the Finger Lakes Magazine.

The Haunted House That Helped Launch Movements

Story and photos by Madis Senner

Located on Hydesville Road (1510 Hydesville Road)  in Newark, New York is the memorial to the Fox Sister’s home. It was here on the evening of March 31, 1848 that Maggie and Kate Fox heard mysterious rappings that turned out to be a dead peddler that had been murdered in their home years earlier. It was not long before they developed the ability to communicate with the spirit of the peddler, as well as other spirits. They became mediums; and along with their older sister Leah helped launch the Spiritualist Movement.

Unfortunately history is remiss because it has failed to recognize the significance that the Fox Sisters and the Spiritualist Movement has had in shaping America and the world. Instead today when we think of mediums we envision psychics with their hand out and places like Lily Dale. But back in the day things were much different.

On July 19, 1848 shortly after the Fox Sisters heard their mysterious rappings a few miles away in Seneca Falls, NY the first Women’s Right’s Convention was held and the Women’s Rights Movement was born.  The Spiritualist Movement would help propel it. As Harvard Divinity School professor Anne Braude tells the “American Women’s Rights Movement drew its first breath in an atmosphere alive with rumors of angels.”

Spiritualism exploded in popularity. It empowered people and liberated them from the control of the church that saw itself as the sole medium to the divine. It also empowered women. Mediums were primarily women and were given prominence and spoke publicly which was unheard of at the time. According to Braude Spiritualism became the  “central agent of feminism.” Noting that while many women’s advocates were Spiritualists, not all were, but all Spiritualists were women’s advocates.

Spiritualists also swelled the ranks of Abolitionism, Food Reform, Temperance and other causes.  As theologian John Buescher informs us,

“Many...who turned to Spiritualism sensed a biblical millennium, which manifested itself in plans for egalitarian utopias where humans mingle with angels or become angels themselves. Thus, Spiritualism was not just a means of contacting the spirits of the deceased or of exploring the afterlife. Rather, it meant the opening wide of a gate between a perfect Heaven and an imperfect Earth. This idea provided a link between Spiritualism and social reform.”

While the sway of Spiritualism began ceding as the 19^thcentury waned its embers still glow.  What is referred to as the “New Age Movement” can trace its roots back to Spiritualism, Madame Blavatsky and Theosophy born in NYC in 1875  and Eastern Teachers such as Swami Vivekananda  who traversed NY and America espousing Hindu concepts and teaching meditation.

According Pew Research more than a quarter of Americans see themselves as being “spiritual but not religious” and our ranks are growing fast.  

Colin Dickey in his best selling book Ghostland: An American History in Haunted Places believes that Spiritualism like Transcendentalism has been woven inextricably into the fabric of American consciousness. That much of what we accept as canonical in our culture today was influenced by Spiritualism, saying

,

Spiritualism may have lost its influence by the end of the 1920's, but it might be more accurate to say that it went mainstream. The percentage of Americans who identify as Spiritual and not as religious has been slowly creeping up ever so slowly in recent years as people turn from organized churches and seek their own spiritual path. Meanwhile our belief in ghosts remains high...73%"

As a history a buff and someone that is fascinated by the role that upstate NY has played in shaping America and the world I encourage you to visit the memorial to the Fox Sisters in Hydesville. Place can be powerful, and this spot is a testament to that. 

Madis Senner is an author who lives in Syracuse. You can read his musings at, http://motherearthprayers.blogspot.comHis latest book is Sacred Sites in North Star Country: Places in Greater New York State (PA,OH,NJ,CT,MA,VT,ONT) That Changed the World is available at Amazon and at the Dogged Ear in Palmyra, NY 

Bibliography

Anne Braude, Radical Spirits, Spiritualism and Women’s Rights in Nineteenth Century America.

John Buescher, The Other Side of Salvation: Spiritualism and the Nineteenth-Century Religious Experience.

Colin Dickey, Ghostland: An American History in Haunted Places.

Madis Senner, ‘Spiritualism's Radical Roots’, The Spirit House Society Messenger, Wisdom Magazine, 

Monument to Red Jacket-Life in the Finger Lakes

Monument to Chief Red Jacket

Canoga, Seneca County, NY

Every year I make an effort to visit the monument to Chief Red Jacket (1750–January 20, 1830) at the Canoga Cemetery along Rt. 89 (southeast of Seneca Falls). I don’t always make it some years I visit more than once.

I say a prayer, give thanks, and ask for the reconciliation of Native and non-Native people. I always get a positive sense when I am there; sometimes I am blessed with much more.

Years ago I met the caretaker and his wife during one of my annual visits. They beamed when they talked about Red Jacket and the monument.

It is believed that Red Jacket was born in a village in the general area of the cemetery. Some say he was born in Kanadaseaga also known as the Old Seneca Castle, a few miles northwest of Geneva. Still others say it was in Branchport, near the northern end of the west branch of Keuka Lake.

Red Jacket was a chief in the Wolf Clan of the Seneca nation, known for his speaking and negotiations as a peacemaker. His childhood name Otetiani was changed to Sagoyewatha (Sa-go-ye-wa-tha), Keeper Awake, because of his dazzling oratorical skills. The nickname ‘Red Jacket’ comes from the gift of a red coat from the British.

He played a prominent role in negotiating with the new republic around the time of the American Revolution. George Washington presented him with a peace medal that he proudly wore across his chest.

Red Jacket was a quick, witty and at times sarcastic negotiator who kept his cool and took advantage of his opponent’s failings.(1) He was an eloquent orator who commanded an audience’s attention and defended and advocated for his people. One of his more famous speeches was in 1805 in defense of Native American religion against the assault of Christian missionaries. In it he said, “Brother, we do not wish to destroy your religion, or take it from you; we only want to enjoy our own.”(2) At the end of the speech Red Jacket walked up to the missionary and extended his hand, which the missionary refused.

Native Americans have a wonderful custom of stopping on a journey -- by the intersection of several trails, by a waterfall, or at some wonderful vista. There they would perform a ritual, say a prayer, or give thanks. It is a marvelous practice that I try to follow. The monument to Red Jacket is one such place for me. I never plan a trip to go there, but always try and find time to stop there on a journey to someplace else.

I encourage you to embrace this practice of stopping along the way as you travel around the Finger Lakes. It could be ,Red Jacket’s monument, a childhood haunt, a scenic view, the home of one of our noted social reformers, a former stop on the Underground Railroad, or… Just make sure it is a place that moves and inspires you. Pick a few places and visit them each year for a few years so that it becomes a ritual. In doing so,  a long trip will soon become an opportunity to stop and visit an old friend along the way.

There is much to find fault with this little strip of land. It is too close to the road, passing cars make too much noise and it is part of a cemetery. I could go on and on about all that is wrong about where the great orator and peacemaker Chief Red Jacket was born, but I just love this place.  

The monument site has  a parking area with picnic benches. The grassy field just south of the bench has a wonderful sense to it; spend some time there if you can.

The monument is located just north of the intersection of Cemetery Road and Route 89 in Canoga, NY. It is on the Canoga Cemetery grounds on Route 89.
Directions: Take Exit 41 off of the Thruway (I-90.)  Go south on Rt. 414. Take your first left onto Rt. 318.  Continue until it ends at Rt. 20. Take a left east onto Rt. 20 and a quick right onto Rt. 89. The cemetery and monument are a few miles down on your left. 

Please visit and say a prayer and help heal the rift between non-Native and Native people.

References and Recommended Reading
1. Densmore, Christopher; Red Jacket, Iroquois Diplomat and Orator, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY 1999. Pg 36
2. Nerburn, Kent, editor; The Wisdom of the Great Chiefs, New World Library, San Rafael, Calif. 1994. Pg 5-11.

HIgh Tor's Stone Mounds--Please SEND A COMMENT TO THE DEC, Life in the Finger Lakes Magazine

Friends,

I will occasionally be blogging for Life in the Finger Lakes magazine. I submitted a few articles to them which they accepted; one of them is below. They said they would like to see  more.

They have an app which you can sign up for to see my and others articles at, https://www.lifeinthefingerlakes.com/high-tors-stone-mounds/

The following is about the Stone Mounds at High Tor NYS DEC Wildlife Management at the southern end of Canandaigua Lake. I ask that you please consider sending an email to the DEC asking them to put special protections on the stone mounds. It can be something simple as, "Please protect the stone mounds at High Tor,' Janice Clip, 56 Rain Str, Syracuse, NY, 13205.
Please email the DEC; R8.UMP@dec.ny.gov

To Learn More, http://www.hightor.org
My Clarks Gully Blog contains lots of pictures of the stone mounds at High Tor, http://clarksgully.blogspot.com

Thanks,
madis
http://motherearthprayers.blogspot.com

High Tor's Stone Mounds

Story by Madis Senner

Photographs by Madis Senner and Peter Shell

Who built all the stone mounds at High Tor NYS Wildlife Management Area at the southeastern end of Canandaigua Lake is a question Dave Robinson asked over 30 years ago and a question that has been dogging me for over a decade. There are hundreds of stone mounds at High Tor in a variety of shapes and forms, with the dominant one being a stone mound with a dimpled or depressed area in its center. As someone who studies and has written about stone structures and sacred sites, I know of no other place in the world that has such a large collection.

Robinson was an amateur archaeologist and member of the New England Antiquities Research Association (NEARA), which is dedicated to the study and preservation of ancient stone structures. He wrote several articles about stone structures in the Finger Lakes for NEARA and for the Crooked Lake Review.

Robinson persuaded an archeologist from the New York State Department of Archeology in Albany to look at a few of the stone piles at South Hill within High Tor. The archaeologist concluded that the piles of stones were not the result of field clearing, but that the stones had been stacked up to form small platforms. 

Robinson believed that the stone structures at High Tor were built by the Adena (1,000 BCE to 0 CE). An ancient Native American culture based in Chillicothe, Ohio, in southeast part of the state. Their culture covered an area about  150 miles around Chillicothe. The Adena, along with the Hopewell who followed them, are known as the "Mound Builders" because of their practice of burying their dead in large earthen mounds.


Given that the Seneca believe that they were born on South Hill, why would Robinson conclude that someone else built the stone mounds?

To answer that we turn to two of the Finger Lakes' famous sons. 

Arthur C. Parker (1881-1955) was a Seneca who descended from the prophet Handsome Lake and whose father was Ely Parker, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs for President Ulysses S. Grant. He is widely respected for his archaeological work, and did much to educate the public about Native Americans—through his books and through the formation of the Society of American Indians. He lived in Naples, NY, close to High Tor.

Parker was the director of the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences from 1924 to 1945. During his tenure, he ordered an examination of a deceased Native American who had been discovered in 1904 at the bottom of Bare Hill, inside the steep hairpin curve on the North Vine Valley Road in the town of Middlesex a few miles from High Tor. The fellow was found sitting half way up, with one hand holding a pipe. The pipe was determined to be of Adena origin and so it was concluded that he was Adena.

But was he? Or was something else at work? After all, the Adena culture was supposedly confined to the area of greater southeast Ohio.

To answer that question we turn to William Augustus Ritchie (1903- 1995), who worked for Parker at the Rochester Museum at the time.  Ritchie performed over a hundred excavations and was known as a “dirt archaeologist,” preferring to view evidence first hand and to see its relationship to features in the land. He coined the term “archaic” to describe the early development of cultures in the northeast, a term which is widely recognized today. He served as the NYS Archaeologist from 1949 to 1972. He received numerous awards for his work and was loved by many for exposing many of the mysteries hidden in New York and Eastern America.

The fellow found in the Vine Valley along the eastern shore of Canandaigua Lake led Ritchie in 1937 to develop his concept called the Middlesex Focus, Middlesex Phase, or Middlesex Complex after the town where the Adena man holding a pipe was found. Ritchie hypothesized that many of the sites found throughout Eastern America and southern Canada that exhibited Adena-like mortuary practices did so because of the interactions between various Native American cultures during the Early Woodland Period (1,000 BC to 0 AD.) In other words, because of trade, travel, and communication between culture, practices, customs, and artifacts became intermingled. 

So when a site was found exhibiting Adena-like mortuary practices or artifacts, it began to be referred to as a Middlesex Focus site, after the town of Middlesex, NY. The term is still employed today.

Ritchie expanded his Middlesex Complex hypothesis to say it was actually the migration of Adena, not interactions between cultures that was behind the Adena mortuary practices and artifacts found far from their base in southeast Ohio. Later, his partner in this hypothesis, Don Dragoo, changed his mind and recanted his belief in the migration theory.

So High Tor has a very rich history. It straddles the towns of Middlesex and Naples and is a stone’s throw from where the original half-seated Native American was found.

It is extremely likely that the stone mounds in High Tor were used for ceremonial purposes. There is a certain “je ne sais quoi” about the mounds and all of High Tor (the geographical space) -- what some may call its "vibe." Whenever I visit the area, I say a prayer or bring an offering, and often meditate to show reverence and respect. I ask that you consider doing the same when you visit. Treat them as if they were holy.

 I write about the stone mounds at this time because NYS DEC opened up a public comment period this spring regarding High Tor’s future use. While the stone mounds are not a typical issue, and they do have some protections, we can never be too safe. You might contact the NYS DEC (email R8.UMP@dec.ny.gov) and ask that added protection measures be put in place to protect the stone mounds within it. 

While it might seem that placing extra precautions to protect the stone mounds is a bit too much, I will point out two things.

In his article for the Crooked Lake Review, which talks about the stone mounds at South Hill, Robinson tells how two stone walls along Bare Hill that he assumed were associated with an old Adena Fort were taken by the town of Middlesex Highway Dept. in the 1920s and used for fill.

Similarly, Jason Jarrell, who lives in West Virginia, told me earlier this year that hundreds, if not thousands, of stone mounds that once lay on mountain tops in West Virginia were destroyed during clear-top coaling mining operations in recent years. Jarrell and his wife, Sarah Farmer, study and write about ancient cultures and are regularly featured in Ancient America, a magazine I have written for as well.

Interestingly, West Virginia has created several trails dedicated to observing stone cairns within Stone Wall Jackson Lake Park. Perhaps they provide a model for the preservation of the stone mounds at High Tor and an avenue to generate tourism and be of economic benefit to the area. 

I encourage you to visit High Tor for a walk in the woods and soak up the wonder of its many stone mounds. They are all over. Try as the Native Americans say to “act in a sacred manner” when you are there and treat everything with reverence and respect. And please email the NYS DEC (R8.UMP@dec.ny.gov) and tell them to protect the stone mounds at High Tor.

To Learn More

www.hightor.org

http:/ /clarksgully.blogspot. com, posts of pictures back to 2007

Sacred Sites in North Star Country: Places in Greater New York State (PA,OH,NJ,CT,MA,VT,ONT) That Changed the World, by Madis Senner has a section dedicated to High Tor 

Photographs by Peter Shell and Madis Senner

Madis Senner’s book Sacred Sites in North Star Country: Places in Greater New York State (PA,OH,NJ,CT,MA,VT,ONT) That Changed the World  tells the rich history of reform in spiritually in greater New York State and where to experience that consciousness.

References and Recommended Reading

[1]Robinson, Dave, ‘Who Built the 'Old Fort' on Bare Hill?, and other Pre-Seneca Structures in Yates County, N. Y.?’, Crooked Lake Review. Spring 1997, www. crookedlakereview. com/articles/101_135/103spring1997/103robinson.html

Chelsea Seward, “Dr. Arthur Caswell Parks and His Influence Upon the Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences and Native Americans”, Southern New Hampshire University, August, 2017.

Arthur Caswell Parker Papers, 1915-1953, New York State Library, www .nysl.nysed. gov/msscfa/sc13604. Htm

Herbert C. Kraft, ‘A Tribute to William A. Ritchie and Louis A. Brennan’, The Bulletin, New York Archaelogy, Number 113, 1997 

Magazine includes Sacred Sites in its Great Reads for the Summer

Life in the Finger Lakes magazine included Sacred Sites in North Star Country: Places in Greater New York State (PA,OH,NJ,CT,MA,VT,ONT) That Changed the World in its May/June issue's Great Reads for the summer.

Click to Read
Great Reads For The Summer